1 Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
2 ‘Freedom in the World Timeline’, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/50-Year-Timeline.
3 William J. Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. New York: Anchor, 2013.
4 ‘Democracy under Siege’, Freedom House, 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2021/democracy-under-siege.
5 “The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict”, Freedom House, 2024, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict.
6 Koh Ewe, ‘The Ultimate Election Year: All the Elections around the World in 2024’, Time, 28 December 2023, https://time.com/6550920/world-elections-2024/.
7 Sapa, ‘Malema Mourns Death of Anti-Imperialist Chávez’, Mail & Guardian, 6 March 2013, https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-06-malema-mourns-death-of-anti-imperialist-chavez/.
8 Sapa, ‘Malema Mourns Chavez’, Soweton, 6 March 2013, https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-03-06-malema-mourns-chavez/.
9 Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve.
10 Intervenant lors du lancement de la Platform for African Democrats (Plateforme des démocrates africains), Le Cap, 23 mars 2024.
11 Anne Applebaum, ‘The Reason Putin Would Risk War’, The Atlantic, 3 February 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/02/putin-ukraine-democracy/621465/.
12 Sergei Guriev et Daniel Triesman, Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022.
13 Discussion, Bellagio, 7 May 2013.
14 Communiqué de l’ANC sur la passation de la présidence de la réunion de l’ancien mouvement de libération (FLM) des six partis amis de la Zanu-PF (Camarade Dr O.M. Mpofu) à l’ANC (Camarade Fikile Mbalula) aux Chutes Victoria, le 18 mars 2024, African National Congress, 17 March 2024, https://www.anc1912.org.za/anc-statement-on-the-handover-of-the-chairmanship-of-the-meeting-of-the-former-liberation-movement-flm-six-sister-parties-from-zanu-pf-cde-dr-o-m-mpofu-to-the-anc-cde-fikile-mbalula-at-victoria/.
15 ‘When “Democracy” Becomes “Regime Change”’, Institute for Security Studies, 15 December 2017, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/when-democracy-becomes-regime-change.
16 « Communiqué de l’ANC sur la passation de la présidence de la réunion de l’ancien mouvement de libération».
17 Hany Abdel-Latif, Wenjie Chen, Michele Fornino and Henry Rawlings, ‘China’s Slowing Economy Will Hit Sub-Saharan Africa’s Growth’, International Monetary Fund, 9 November 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/11/09/cf-chinas-slowing-economy-will-hit-sub-saharan-africas-growth.
18 Jevans Nyabiage, ‘China’s Political Party School in Africa Takes First Students from 6 Countries’, South China Morning Post, 21 June 2022, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3182368/china-party-school-africa-takes-first-students-6-countries.
19 ‘Analyse Online’, Afrobaromètre, https://www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis/.
20 Paul Nantulya, ‘China’s First Political School in Africa’, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 7 November 2023, https://africacenter.org/experts/paul-nantulya/.
21 Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, ‘In Tanzania, Beijing Is Running a Training School for Authoritarianism’, Axios, 20 August 2023, https://www.axios.com/chinese-communist-party-training-school-africa.
22 «Discours de Richard Atufigwege Kasesela lors de la cérémonie de clôture de la Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School », YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wNOgIQaTDw.
23 Christopher Clapham, ‘From Liberation Movement to Government’, KAS International Reports, 1 February 2013, https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/7_dokument_dok_pdf_33517_2.pdf/7434a417-9120-2bc4-62b3-e9d6ab7c9078?version=1.0&t=1539663338095.
24 Greg Mills, Rich State, Poor State. Johannesburg: Penguin Random House, 2023.
25 Intervenant lors du lancement de la Platform for African Democrats (Plateforme des démocrates africains), Le Cap, 23 mars 2024.