1 Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
2 ‘Freedom in the World Timeline’, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/50-Year-Timeline.
3 William J. Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. New York: Anchor, 2013.
4 ‘Democracy under Siege’, Freedom House, 2021, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2021/democracy-under-siege.
5 ‘The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict’, Freedom House, 2024, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict.
6 Koh Ewe, ‘The Ultimate Election Year: All the Elections around the World in 2024’, Time, 28 December 2023, https://time.com/6550920/world-elections-2024/.
7 Sapa, ‘Malema Mourns Death of Anti-Imperialist Chávez’, Mail & Guardian, 6 March 2013, https://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-06-malema-mourns-death-of-anti-imperialist-chavez/.
8 Sapa, ‘Malema Mourns Chavez’, Soweton, 6 March 2013, https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013-03-06-malema-mourns-chavez/.
9 Dobson, The Dictator’s Learning Curve.
10 Speaking at the launch of the Platform for African Democrats, Cape Town, 23 March 2024.
11 Anne Applebaum, ‘The Reason Putin Would Risk War’, The Atlantic, 3 February 2022, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/02/putin-ukraine-democracy/621465/.
12 Sergei Guriev and Daniel Triesman, Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022.
13 Discussion, Bellagio, 7 May 2013.
14 ‘ANC Statement on the Handover of the Chairmanship of the Meeting of the Former Liberation Movement (FLM) Six Sister Parties from Zanu-PF (Cde Dr O.M. Mpofu) to the ANC (Cde Fikile Mbalula) at Victoria Falls, 18th March 2024’, African National Congress, 17 March 2024, https://www.anc1912.org.za/anc-statement-on-the-handover-of-the-chairmanship-of-the-meeting-of-the-former-liberation-movement-flm-six-sister-parties-from-zanu-pf-cde-dr-o-m-mpofu-to-the-anc-cde-fikile-mbalula-at-victoria/.
15 ‘When “Democracy” Becomes “Regime Change”’, Institute for Security Studies, 15 December 2017, https://issafrica.org/iss-today/when-democracy-becomes-regime-change.
16 ‘ANC Statement on the Handover of the Chairmanship of the Meeting of the Former Liberation Movement’.
17 Hany Abdel-Latif, Wenjie Chen, Michele Fornino and Henry Rawlings, ‘China’s Slowing Economy Will Hit Sub-Saharan Africa’s Growth’, International Monetary Fund, 9 November 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/11/09/cf-chinas-slowing-economy-will-hit-sub-saharan-africas-growth.
18 Jevans Nyabiage, ‘China’s Political Party School in Africa Takes First Students from 6 Countries’, South China Morning Post, 21 June 2022, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3182368/china-party-school-africa-takes-first-students-6-countries.
19 ‘Analyse Online’, Afrobarometer, https://www.afrobarometer.org/online-data-analysis/.
20 Paul Nantulya, ‘China’s First Political School in Africa’, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 7 November 2023, https://africacenter.org/experts/paul-nantulya/.
21 Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, ‘In Tanzania, Beijing Is Running a Training School for Authoritarianism’, Axios, 20 August 2023, https://www.axios.com/chinese-communist-party-training-school-africa.
22 ‘Richard Atufigwege Kasesela Speech on Closing Ceremony at Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Leadership School’, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wNOgIQaTDw.
23 Christopher Clapham, ‘From Liberation Movement to Government’, KAS International Reports, 1 February 2013, https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/7_dokument_dok_pdf_33517_2.pdf/7434a417-9120-2bc4-62b3-e9d6ab7c9078?version=1.0&t=1539663338095.
24 Greg Mills, Rich State, Poor State. Johannesburg: Penguin Random House, 2023.
25 Speaking at the launch of the Platform for African Democrats, Cape Town, 23 March 2024.